('ju:niv:s) (dissect, ct ra tng mnh xc cht, thn cy nghin cu phn tch cu trc ca n, m x, gii phu) nomad ('nmd) (n) (ngi du mc) a nomad is someone who lives by traveling from place to place(n) (ngi du mc, ngi du c, ngi sng nay y mai ) YES if the statement agrees with the writer s views, NO if the statement contradicts the writer s views, NOT GIVEN if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this. It is language extinction on a massive scale. mutate (v) (mju:'teit) (t bin) For the first time, linguists have put a price on language. But in fact,whatmakes languages distinct from one another turns out to be much more a social and political issue than a linguistic one, and most of the cited numbers are matters of opinion rather than science. 'his neanderthal attitude towards women' (a, th l). By comparison with the communicative devices of herring gulls, honey bees, dolphins or any other non-human animal, language provides us with a system that is not stimulus bound and ranges over an infinity of possible distinct messages. Still staying within Northern Italy, let us suppose that there are, say, ten such parameters that distinguish one grammar from another. More test dates are available with the computer-based IELTS, and results are available in 3-5 days. There are international officers from the largest universities from the U.K. at those exhibitions. In She thinks that Mary is smart, the pronoun she can refer to any female in the universe with one exception: she here cannot refer to the same individual as Mary. How might we do this? Often, where languages are seriously endangered, there are things that can be done to give new life to them. 'easy banter between her cousins'. groom (grum) (n) (ch r) Demand for the prestigious International It is estimated that there are more than 6000 spoken languages today that are in danger. We do have agents with whom we work closely; we have listed them on our web site. There have been some reports that the IELTS qualification was not required for studying abroad triggering doubts among the candidates. Needless to say = this is to be totally expected (literal) (iu ny tt yu phi xy ra, to be V3). PINPOINTING the origin of language might seem like IDLE SPECULATION because sound does not FOSSSILIZE. 6,703. 'the faculty of sight (th lc). faculty ('fklti) constrain SO FROM Ving Irony is a contrast between what seems appropriate or expected and what actually happens. WebAsia. And as long as people continue to value it as a true marker of their identity, and are prepared to keep using it, it will develop new functions and new vocabulary, as any other living language would do. For example, throwing and making stone tools could have developed. Having said that, we do, from time to time, find candidates who are trying to commit some form of malpractice or another. (n) (cch li xe, s li xe). How do we know? string (v) (tri, bn, buc). In Switzerland, Romansch was facing a difficult situation, spoken in five very different dialects, with small and diminishing numbers, as young people left their community for work in the German-speaking cities. navigation = ship traffic (n) (,nvi'gein) (giao thng hng hi) WebMatch Created by Emily_Threlkeld6 Terms in this set (79) half; 6,000; 2050 many linguists predict that at least ___ of the world's ___ languages will be dead or dying by the year ___ twice; four languages are becoming extinct at __ the rate of endangered mammals and ___ times the rate of endangered birds michael krauss; 90% BANTER ('bnt) = FRIENDLY CONVERSATION in which people make a lot of jokes with, and amusing remarks about, each other. (v1) (chi lng cho ch mo): to clean and brush an animal, especially a horse. If you do not have an account please register and login to post comments. Thats the bottom line: getting the language documented - recorded, analysed, written down. Teacher: What problems do people experience when learning your languages? G. a common purpose for which the language is required. 'Ana wandered off to get a drink'. Drugs made from opium are used to reduce severe pain. 39. NOT GIVEN if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this Users can access their older comments by logging into their accounts on Vuukle. You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 27- 40, which are based on Reading Passage 278 below. refuse to engage (t chi tham gia), larynx (n) ('lriks) (thanh qun) = vocal cords: the part in your throat (rut)where your voice is produced. 38. A 1999 survey shows that 97 per cent of the worlds languages are spoken by just four per cent of the people. behavioural science (bi'heivjrl) (khoa hc nghin cu hnh vi). It's been revised many times, but it's still the standard text, with detailed descriptions of the parts of the human body. civilization (n) (,sivlai'zein) (nn vn minh) 'A new computer system entails a lot of re-training'. Two Language Acts protect the status of Welsh now, and its presence is increasingly in evidence wherever you travel in Wales. (tin trin t ci g d sang kh) 'hazardous DRIVING CONDITIONS (=weather that makes driving dangerous'. What tends to happen with a qualification like IELTS is that as the job market becomes much more competitive in an economic downturn, more people actually start thinking that they should get better qualifications. It achieves this with a limited, finite system of units that combine hierarchically and recursively into larger units. Certain parts of the world are more vulnerable than others to language extinction. And we have to draw the same conclusion if a language has less than 100 speakers. spreading from Africa to Asia, and perhaps making a short sea-crossing to Indonesia, without language? Shakespeare might have been able, with some difficulty, to converse with Chaucer or with Jefferson, but Jefferson (and certainly Bush) would need an interpreter for Chaucer. It is too late to do anything to help many languages, where the speakers are too few or too old, and where the community is too busy just trying to survive to care about their language. What we recommend to any Indian student looking to apply to the U.K. is that there is no problem in using the services of an education agent. Centuries of French governments have striven to make that country linguistically uniform, but (even disregarding Breton, a Celtic language; Allemannisch, the Germanic language spoken in Alsace; and Basque), Ethnologue shows at least ten distinct Romance languages spoken in France, including Picard, Gascon, Provenal, and several others in addition to French.. 19%. First words: There are over 6,000 different languages today, but how did language evolve in the first place? universities and colleges Once a community realises that its language is in danger, it can start to introduce measures which can genuinely revitalise. They cannot be abusive or personal. 'He just grunted and carried on reading his book'. 'Draconian policies in unstable nations are often a precursor to rebellion'. Teachers also need to be able to explain things clearly and in a way that is easy to follow. But whatever the degree of that diversity (and we discuss below the problem of how to quantify it), one thing that is fairly certain is that a surprising proportion of the worlds languages are in fact disappearingeven as wespeak. constrain SO TO Vo Please descibe the mistake as details as possible along with your expected correction, leave your email so we can contact with you when needed. (n2) (ng vt) (t tin) an animal that lived in the past, that modern animals have developed from. 3.1 Read the text and then answer the questions. (n3) (ngi cc cn th l): In order to survive, a language needs to be spoken by more than 100 people. If we try to distinguish languages from one another simply in terms of their words and the patterns we can observe in sentences, problems arise. Dr. Senghas showed this by asking singers of different ages to CONVERSE about a set of photographs that each could see. Potential indicators of early language are written in our GENETIC CODE, behaviour (bi'heivj) and culture. production (pr'dkn) The solution here was the creation in the 1980s of a unified written language for all these dialects. Just as some places are morediversethan others in terms of plant and animal species, the same goes for the distribution of languages. 'He could ape his teachers perfectly' Its practice tests was taken based on real, past exam papers which submitted The distinction is still often implicit in talk about European languages vs. African dialects. What counts as a language rather than a mere dialect typically involves issues of statehood, economics, literary traditions and writing systems, and other trappings of power, authority and culture with purely linguistic considerations playing a less significant role. (on ngi di tr): when large numbers of people go to live in another area or country, especially in order to find work. (v1) (co) = scrape or rub as if to relieve itching How could our speechless Homo sapiens ancestors colonize the ancient world. (n1) (s t bin) A mutation is a genetic change that causes new and different characteristics, like the mutation on the dog's DNA that makes its tail shorter than its ancestors' tails. There are over 6,000 institutions across the world recognising IELTS, says Mr. Kevin McLaven. The region in which the language was spoken gained increased independence. The majority of colleges and universities in the U.K. still require evidence of English language ability. come close to (tip cn c, tin ti c) Across India, literally there are thousands of education consultants. That makes the averagenumber of. PINPOINT WHAT, HOW, WHY on the up and up: getting better all the time. But can we save a few thousand languages, just like that? When we look at reference works, we find estimates that have escalated over time. ), NAVIGATION (time to fly south for the winter), or social relations (we need teamwork to build this SHELTER). (n3) = IMMIGRATION CONTROL (trm kim sot nhp cnh): the place at an airport, sea port etc (et cetera, et 'setr) where officials check the documents of everyone entering the country. primate (ng vt linh trng gm ngi, kh ko ui, kh ui di, vn). Please abide by our community guidelines for posting your comments. A merger of different varieties of the language took place. #### immigration (,imi'grein) Of these, about half are going to die out in the course of the next century: thats 3,000 languages in Some of these Did you know that (most) languages belong to a family? Once we go beyond the major languages of economic and political power, such asEnglish, Mandarin Chinese, Spanish, and a few more with millions of speakers each, everywhere we look in the world we find a vast number of others, belonging to many genetically distinct families. directly engage (trc tip tham gia) BE IN FULL POSSESSION OF ALL YOU FACULTIES (= able to see, hear, think etc in the normal way) (c y mi nng lc (nhn, nghe, ni, hiu)). to fly south for the winter), or social relations (we need teamwork to build this shelter). Romansch Grischun, as it is now called, has official status in parts of Switzerland, and is being increasingly used in spoken form on radio and television. It turns out, however, that there is no such definite countor at least, no such count that has any status as a scientific finding ofmodern linguistics. Marc (Harvard University) and colleagues (k'li:g) argue that the study of animal behaviour and communication can teach us how the FACULTY ('fklti) of language in the narrow human sense evolved. Web6000+ language and dialects worldwide Comprehensive list including number of speakers, countries and ISO codes For over 99% of the 6000 languages and dialects there are today hardly any quality language learning tools available, because these languages are simply not profitable for commercial education providers. The functioning of negation here establishes a parameter that distinguishes these (and other) grammars. * With contributions from David Harrison, Laurence Horn, Rafaella Zanuttini and David Lightfoot. = stop SO from Ving like a breath of fresh air: something new and exciting. In the course of the past two or three decades, linguists all over the world have been gathering comparative data. The Ainu language of Japan, after many years of neglect and repression, had reached a stage where there were only eight fluent speakers left, all elderly. khi mnh mun ni sn xut, dng PRODUCE OR MANUFACTURE In Switzerland, Romansch was facing a difficult situation, spoken in five very different dialects, with small and diminishing numbers, as young people left their community for work in the German-speaking cities. 'The supposed beggar was really a police officer in disguise'. If a baby gurgles, it makes a happy low sound in its throat. There are over 6000 different languages today, and the main language families are thought to have arisen (xut hin) as modern humans WANDERED about the GLOBE in four great MIGRATIONS beginning 100,000 years ago. 'We could hear the stream gurgling down in the valley'. WANDER IN, THROUGH, AROUND. (n4) (ko u, khng cn c, vu v). 'a cohesive agent' 'Lions and house cats evolved from A COMMON ANCESTOR' (= the same ancestor, (c tin ha t 1 t tin chung) Such a recent origin for language seems at first rather. If someone's ideas intrigue you, you want to know more about them. 'Many smaller radio stations broadcast on archaic equipment'. 29. pinpoint (n) a very small area or DOT (chm nh, im nh) of something. We also have a database of any candidates who have performed malpractice. B. support from the indigenous population ape (n) (eip) (kh khng ui), mutation (n) (mju:'tein), The words themselves are structured from a small inventory of sounds basic to the language, individually meaningless elements combined according to a system completely independent of the way words combine into phrases and sentences. If you compare IELTS test with TOEFL test, it is far ahead in terms of the numbers. So, when a strong movement grew for its revival, it was possible to reconstruct it. ritual (n, a) ('ritul), rites are rituals. It takes time, lots of it, to revitalise an endangered language. (n3) (tht nghip) People who otherwise would have gone into job market are postponing that and focusing on improving their qualifications hoping that they would be better positioned to get a good job when the economy improves. A language can be brought back from the very brink of extinction. FINITE (c hn) ## INFINITE (v hn) diversify (i'v:sifai) (v) (a dng) We are all BENT ON KEEPING TRACK OF other people and maintaining ALLIANCES (alliance, 'lains). Rites are rituals. But if each of these can vary independently of the others, collectively they define a set of two to the tenth, or 1,024 distinct grammars, and indeed scholars have estimated that somewhere between 300 and 500 of these distinct possibilities are actually instantiated in the region! You can resize Reading Text and Question columns by dragging the grip to suite your needs, Review your questions before submitting to avoid unfortunate mistakes by clicking the. The region in which the language was spoken gained increased independence. If someone has scratch marks on their skin, you might wonder if they have been in a fight where there was scratching. The suffix -er often means "one who." Essentially, the requirements for IELTS have not changed. (n1) (kh nng ca thn th or tr c): a natural ability, such as the ability to see, hear, or think clearly.