. Texans were wiped out by Mexican forces. Frustrated with decades of what they saw as attacks on their morality by the abolitionist movement, many Southerners dug in their heels and became increasingly suspicious of the North. John Brown: Brown was a radical abolitionist who organized various raids and uprisings, including an infamous raid on Harpers Ferry, Virginia. Which identifies a major contradiction in the attitudes of southern yeoman farmers? They found ample support for slavery in both the Old and New Testaments and pointed out that the great civilizations of the ancient worldEgypt, Greece, and Romewere slave societies. Escaped from slavery to become one of the most . Such other denominations as the Lutherans, Episcopalians, and Roman Catholics were affected by the slavery issue, although they did not have any formal separations until after the secession began (Hudson 1987, p. 193). John Lafayette Girardeau (18251898), the Presbyterian preacher at a small church off the coast of South Carolina, held services for both white and black parishioners and then separate services for slaves. Biblical Reasons. In fact, it was the economics of slavery and political control of that system that was central to the conflict. Slave owners believed they helped enslaved people by providing food, shelter, and clothing while relieving them of responsibility. JSTOR, the JSTOR logo, and ITHAKA are registered trademarks of ITHAKA. Southern proslavery arguments did NOT include the belief that slavery was. What was the primary source of income for most yeoman farmers? The practice took hold in the English colonies in North America, too. . 2023 . what was the American Colonization Society? The pursuit of happiness is often considered an ideal, but it may be possible to have too muchor the wrong kindof a good thing. Some felt that slaves would be too frightened and confused to be able to make a living for themselves. . You may unsubscribe at any time by clicking on the provided link on any marketing message. They often accompanied their parents and were cared for by older children. But a number of factors combined to give the movement increased momentum, particularly as abolitionisms cause became caught up in the undercurrents of sectionalism. Forced to sign a document stating that Texas was independent after losing the Battle of San Jacinto in April 1836. Encyclopedia.com. the belief that people of African descent were mentally and morally inferior, The internal slave trade in the Unites States ran from the, During the nineteenth century, the center of cotton production. did many blacks want to move back to Africa? ." One anonymous contributor to the Richmond-based Southern Literary Messenger, a magazine devoted to literature and the fine arts, wrote a piece for the June 1860 issue in which the claim was made that Northerners were themselves of an inferior stock, "wild, savage, bold, fond of freedom" (p. 404) and who, despite being deeply religious, "yet nearly approach infidelity [unbelief]." His answer: "[I]t is to conserve and perpetuate the institution of slavery as now existing" (Palmer 1860, p. 6). Did the Confederate Constitution stated that each state was independent but must guarantee the gradual end of slavery in Confederate territory? JSTOR Daily readers can access the original research behind our articles for free on JSTOR. where were the majority of the free blacks? Teaching with Reveal Digitals American Prison Newspapers Collection, attitudes and actions in the antebellum period, Proslavery Christianity After the Emancipation, The River Basin Surveys Preserved American Prehistory, Unmaking a Priest: The Rite of Degradation, Celebrating Asian American and Pacific Islander Heritage Month, The Strange Career of the Lady Possum of the New World, To Get Help for Sick Kids, Mothers Wrote to Washington. 6 (June 1860): 401409. were plantation owners directly involved with the slaves? yes, they dreamed of becoming rich and owning slaves, and their pride in their race would be diluted if the slaves were freed, independent small farmers in the Appalachians who owned no slaves and supported the Union. They were of the opinion that slaves even had better lives than factory workers. Figure 2. Garrison was a close ally of Frederick Douglass, who escaped his enslavement and whose 1845 autobiography became a bestseller. The second option, later known as the Anaconda Plan, recommended isolating the states in secession with a naval blockade. They were staunch supporters of slavery even though they rarely owned slaves. These denominations rapid expansion in the South, however, meant abandoning this position in recognition that upwardly mobile members increasingly included slaveholders. Justification for slavery came with this growth and found its parallels in the biblical subordination of women. Form of Protestantism that was devised by Christian slaves in the Chesapeake and spread to the cotton South as a result of the domestic shave trade. In the South, however, clergy were confronted with trying to defend slavery. The Constitution itself had four clauses that indirectly addressed slavery and the slave trade though it did not actually use those terms. Stringfellow, Thornton. Which practice provides the best evidence against the idea of benevolent planters who looked after the best welfare of their slaves? The secession of the Southern states following Lincolns election led to the American Civil War (186165). Even northern theologians agreed on the necessary subordination of women: Charles Hodge, who held an influential position at Princeton Theological Seminary, wrote We believe that the general good requires us to deprive the whole female sex of the right of self-government.. Woolman, John I may say with truth, that in few countries so much is left to the share of the laborer, and so little exacted from him, or where there is more kind attention paid to him in sickness or infirmities of age. A video of the rapper Kanye West discussing slavery is a sad reminder of America's historical amnesia about the brutal realities of that institution. Richmond, VA: Presbyterian Committee of Publication, 1911. Slaves were needed for farming mostly, and agriculture is the South's forte. Sig= was a weak justification for slavery and racism in the south. I have had my finger joints stripped of the skin in consequence of them (White 1911, p. 301). Abolitionist, writer, and speaker The conflicting elements would burst the Union asunder, powerful as are the links which hold it together. Powerful southerners like South Carolinian John C. Calhounhighlighted laws like the Tariff of 1828 as evidence of the Norths desire to destroy the southern economy and, by extension, its culture. it was punishable by death, but juries usually acquitted them, the only person to be executed for smuggling slaves; he was executed in 1862. who was responsible for doing the more dangerous jobs in the south? In the years leading up to the Civil War and through the war years, Southern ministers brought this concept into their pulpits, often using extreme language, such as referring to Northerners as "atheists" and "infidels" (Farmer 1999, p. 11). . Moderates believed that slavery should be phased out gradually, in order to ensure the economy of the Southern states would not collapse. At one end of its spectrum was William Lloyd Garrison, an immediatist, the founder of the American Anti-Slavery Society (183370), who denounced not only slavery but also the Constitution of the United States for tolerating the evil. In their minds, slavery had been divinely sanctioned. When the Kansas-Nebraska Act (1854), embodying the principle of popular sovereignty, opened Kansas and Nebraska to slaveryland that had long been reserved for the westward expansion of the free statesNortherners began to organize themselves into an antislavery political party, called in some states the Anti-Nebraska Democratic Party and in others the Peoples Party but in most places the Republican Party. This 1857 illustration by an advocate of polygenism indicates that the Negro occupies a place between the Greeks and chimpanzees. Identify the main proslavery arguments in the years prior to the Civil War. Baptist and Methodist churches had opposed slaveholding members in the early years of the Republic. The Slavery Apologists The role of the church in the Civil War and the events leading up to it was primarily one of moral guidance. Such preachers as Charles Colcock Jones (18041863) of Liberty County, Georgia, traveled from plantation house to plantation house to preach to the slave populations there. ITHAKA. In addition to the MLA, Chicago, and APA styles, your school, university, publication, or institution may have its own requirements for citations. 89). Johnson, Thomas Cary. Boles, John B. Stephen Austin 1830s. Terms in this set (50) The Confederate Constitution stated that each state was independent but must guarantee the gradual end of slavery in Confederate territory. Any interactives on this page can only be played while you are visiting our website. . Why was slavery the most important cause of the Civil War? Sig= gave blacks a sense of purpose and greater self esteem. . Gallagher, Gary W., and Alan T. Nolan, eds. For the most part, Southern ministers embraced (and often championed) the Southern cause. Southern apologists argued that the institution of slavery was a "positive good" because it subsidized an elegant lifestyle for a white elite and provided tutelage for genetically inferior Africans. The slaves in particular enjoyed Girardeau's sermons, and he noted their enthusiasm: [They] pour in and throng the seats vacated by their mastersyes, crowding the building up to the pulpit. How did abolitionists in the North respond to Southern apologists? The war began because a compromise did not exist that could solve the difference between the free and slave states regarding the power of the national government to prohibit slavery in territories that had not yet become states. . Which description best describes the "gang" labor that many slaves performed on large plantations? They argued that the Industrial Revolution had brought about a new type of slaverywage slaveryand that this form of slavery was far worse than the slave labor used on southern plantations. The Life and Letters of Benjamin Morgan Palmer. How did apologists describe the institution of slavery before the 1830s? Which identifies an important effect of the violent slave rebellion of 1831? They argued that slaves lived in better conditions than factory workers. Disquisition on Government advanced a profoundly anti-democratic argument. The defrocking ceremony was meant to humiliate a disgraced member of the clergy while discouraging laypeople from viewing him as a martyr. . Therefore, be sure to refer to those guidelines when editing your bibliography or works cited list. His newspaper, The Liberator, lived up to its promise that it would not equivocate in its war against slavery. Stout, Harry S. Upon the Altar of the Nation: A Moral History of the Civil War. The seven states of the Deep South seceded before Lincoln took office. The right which the master has is a right not to the man, but to his labor (White 1911, p. 298). what was expected to happen if war broke out between the north and the south and did it? Within the Cite this article tool, pick a style to see how all available information looks when formatted according to that style. what did American abolitionists do in 1833? I'm Cary Hardy, an education expert and consultant. Have a correction or comment about this article? Fitzhughs ideas exemplified southern notions of paternalism. . One of the clearest documents highlighting this and other important aspects of the complex relationship between slavery and religion is the sermon delivered by Benjamin Morgan Palmer.
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